Difference between revisions of "Loading Images onto eMMC Devices"

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{{todo|Buggy (12.31.13-13:15->MD-)|Michael Welling|project=oe 4,oe 5,mw,Buggy,md}}
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{{todo|SEOKWREV (12.31.13-13:15->MD-);(12.31.13-14:50->MW+);(12.31.13-18:10->MD+);(12.31.13-18:45->MG+);(03.06.14-15:35->BS-);(04.11.14-15:55->BS+);(05.01.15-12:12->MG+);(11.05.15-17:50->MD+)|Michael Welling|project=oe 4,oe 5,mw,md,mg,bs,SEOKWREV}}
  
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{{#seo:
 +
|title=Loading Images onto eMMC Devices
 +
|titlemode=append
 +
|keywords=eMMC,EXT3 Partition,FAT32 Partition,Root File System
 +
|description=Some EMAC products use eMMC in place of NAND flash. eMMC is an embedded MMC compliant memory that takes the form of an integrated circuit instead of a media card.
 +
}}
 
== Background ==
 
== Background ==
−
Newer EMAC products have started using eMMC in place of NAND flash. eMMC is an embedded MMC compliant memory that takes the form of an integrated circuit instead of a media card.  
+
Some EMAC products use eMMC in place of NAND flash. eMMC is an embedded MMC compliant memory that takes the form of an integrated circuit instead of a media card.  
  
−
U-Boot does not support writing to file systems in eMMC. To overcome this issue, the embedded target has to boot into Linux using an auxiliary method. Once U-Boot has been loaded into RAM, it can be used to load the target kernel using TFTP and boot into a file system stored in NFS. Once the board has booted into Linux, the eMMC can be partitioned and formatted, and the root file system can be extracted. The SoM-3517M requires a special FAT formatted partition that contains the bootloader and Linux kernel images. This article explains the general process of writing the eMMC from Linux as well as some specifics related to programming the SoM-3517M, SoM-9X25 and IPAC-9X25.
+
U-Boot does not support writing to file systems in eMMC. To overcome this issue, the embedded target needs to boot into an alternate media such as a network file system or USB flash drive. Once the board has booted into Linux, the eMMC can be partitioned and formatted, and the root file system can be extracted. The SoM-3517M requires a special FAT formatted partition that contains the bootloader and Linux kernel images. This article explains the general process of writing the eMMC from Linux as well as some specifics related to programming the SoM-3517M, SoM-9X25, SoM-A5D35/6, SoM-3354, SoM-iMX6M, SoM-iMX6UL and IPAC-9X25.
  
  
−
{{imbox | type=notice | text = The procedures below require that you have a TFTP and NFS server setup on a host computer. }}
+
{{note | The procedures below require that you have a TFTP and NFS server setup on a host computer or a USB thumb drive created using [[Booting_with_a_USB_Root_Filesystem | Booting with a USB Root Filesystem]]. }}
  
  
 
* Instructions on setting up a TFTP server: [[Installing TFTP server]]
 
* Instructions on setting up a TFTP server: [[Installing TFTP server]]
−
* Installation of a NFS with Linux: [[Setting up an NFS File Server]]
+
* Installation of an NFS Server with Linux: [[Setting up an NFS File Server]]
 
* Instruction for booting into NFS with U-Boot: [[Booting with an NFS Root Filesystem]]
 
* Instruction for booting into NFS with U-Boot: [[Booting with an NFS Root Filesystem]]
 +
* Instruction for booting into a filesystem on a USB drive: [[Booting with a USB Root Filesystem]]
 
* More information about MMC: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard
 
* More information about MMC: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard
−
 
  
 
== Creating partitions and formatting eMMC ==
 
== Creating partitions and formatting eMMC ==
  
−
Once the Linux command prompt is reached, the Linux utilities can be used to create and format partitions on the eMMC. By partitioning the the eMMC, the partitions can be accessed individually and formatted differently as required. The <code>fdisk</code> utility can be used to create these partitions on the eMMC.
+
Once the Linux command prompt is reached, Linux utilities can be used to create and format partitions on the eMMC. By partitioning the eMMC, the partitions can be accessed individually and formatted differently as required. The <code>fdisk</code> utility can be used to create these partitions on the eMMC.
  
 
For example here is the procedure for creating a 128 MB primary partition:
 
For example here is the procedure for creating a 128 MB primary partition:
  
−
root@emac-oe:~# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
+
{{clop}}
 +
{{cliop | hostname=emac-oe |fdisk /dev/mmcblk0}}<nowiki>
 +
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 57024.
 +
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
 +
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
 +
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
 +
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
 +
  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
 +
Command (m for help): n
 +
Command action
 +
  e  extended
 +
  p  primary partition (1-4)
 +
p
 +
Partition number (1-4): 1
 +
First cylinder (1-57024, default 1): Using default value 1
 +
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-57024, default 57024): +128M
 
   
 
   
−
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 57024.
+
Command (m for help): p
−
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
 
−
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
 
−
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
 
−
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
 
−
    (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
 
−
Command (m for help): n
 
−
Command action
 
−
    e  extended
 
−
    p   primary partition (1-4)
 
−
p
 
−
Partition number (1-4): 1
 
−
First cylinder (1-57024, default 1): Using default value 1
 
−
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-57024, default 57024): +128M
 
 
   
 
   
−
Command (m for help): p
+
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 1868 MB, 1868562432 bytes
−
+
4 heads, 16 sectors/track, 57024 cylinders
−
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 1868 MB, 1868562432 bytes
+
Units = cylinders of 64 * 512 = 32768 bytes
−
4 heads, 16 sectors/track, 57024 cylinders
+
 
−
Units = cylinders of 64 * 512 = 32768 bytes
+
        Device Boot      Start        End      Blocks  Id System
−
+
/dev/mmcblk0p1              1        3907      125016  83 Linux
−
        Device Boot      Start        End      Blocks  Id System
+
 
−
/dev/mmcblk0p1              1        3907      125016  83 Linux
+
Command (m for help): w
−
+
The partition table has been altered!
−
Command (m for help): w
+
 
−
The partition table has been altered!
+
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table
−
+
[  566.062896]  mmcblk0: p1
−
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table
+
</nowiki>
−
[  566.062896]  mmcblk0: p1
+
{{cliop | hostname=emac-oe|}}
 +
{{closp}}
  
 
For more information about <code>fdisk</code>, see:
 
For more information about <code>fdisk</code>, see:
 
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html
 
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html
  
−
After creating the partitions, they can formatted with the various <code>mkfs</code> utilities. The formatting used is dependent on how the partition is to be access. For eMMC root filesystems EMAC currently uses EXT3(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3). Other formatting options are available (EXT2,EXT4,etc) and can be used. It should be noted that the kernel must be configured to use the various filesystem options and the bootargs need to specify the correct type.  
+
After creating the partitions, they can formatted with the various <code>mkfs</code> utilities. The formatting used is dependent on how the partition is to be accessed. For eMMC root filesystems EMAC currently uses EXT4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3). Other formatting options are available (EXT2, EXT3, etc) and can be used. It should be noted that the kernel must be configured to support the chosen filesystem and the bootargs need to specify the correct type.  
  
−
{{imbox | type=notice | text =For additional information on configuring and compiling the Linux kernel see the following page: [[Building the Linux Kernel]] }}
+
{{note | For additional information on configuring and compiling the Linux kernel see the following page: [[Building the Linux Kernel]] }}
  
−
As described above, the <code>bootargs</code> is used for signalling to the Linux kernel the root filesystem partition and formatting. The <code>root</code> parameter is used to specify the partition to use while the <code>rootfstype</code> parameter is used to specify formatting of the partition.
+
As described above, the <code>bootargs</code> is used for signalling to the Linux kernel the location of the root filesystem partition, and its formatting. The <code>root</code> parameter is used to specify the partition to use while the <code>rootfstype</code> parameter is used to specify the formatting of the partition.
  
−
{{imbox | type=notice | text =For more information about the <code>bootargs</code> variable see this page: [[U-Boot Overview]] }}
+
{{note | For more information about the <code>bootargs</code> variable see this page: [[U-Boot Overview]] }}
  
 
Partitions accessed by processor boot ROM or U-Boot typically need to be formatted with FAT32 formatting. The SoM-3517M, for instance, requires a FAT32 formatted partition for the bootloader and kernel in order to boot properly from eMMC. For more specifics about the SoM-3517M, see the quick reference section below.
 
Partitions accessed by processor boot ROM or U-Boot typically need to be formatted with FAT32 formatting. The SoM-3517M, for instance, requires a FAT32 formatted partition for the bootloader and kernel in order to boot properly from eMMC. For more specifics about the SoM-3517M, see the quick reference section below.
  
−
Formatting a partition with EXT3:
+
===Formatting a partition with EXT4===
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkfs.ext3 /dev/mmcblk0p1
+
 
−
mke2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010)
+
{{clop}}
−
Filesystem label=
+
{{cliop | hostname=emac-oe |mkfs.ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p1}}<nowiki>
−
OS type: Linux
+
mke2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010)
−
Block size=1024 (log=0)
+
Filesystem label=
−
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
+
OS type: Linux
−
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
+
Block size=1024 (log=0)
−
31360 inodes, 125016 blocks
+
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
−
6250 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
+
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
−
First data block=1
+
31360 inodes, 125016 blocks
−
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
+
6250 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
−
16 block groups
+
First data block=1
−
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
+
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
−
1960 inodes per group
+
16 block groups
−
Superblock backups stored on blocks:  
+
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
−
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
+
1960 inodes per group
 +
Superblock backups stored on blocks:  
 +
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
 +
 
 +
Writing inode tables: done     
 +
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
 +
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
 
   
 
   
−
Writing inode tables: done     
+
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
−
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
+
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
−
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
+
</nowiki>
−
+
{{cliop| hostname=emac-oe |}}
−
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
+
{{closp}}
−
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
+
 
 +
===Formatting a partition with FAT32===
  
 +
{{clop}}
 +
{{cliop | hostname=emac-oe |mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1}}
 +
mkdosfs 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)
 +
{{cliop | hostname=emac-oe |}}
 +
{{closp}}
  
−
Formatting a partition with FAT32:
 
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1
 
−
mkdosfs 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)
 
  
 
== Extracting filesystems to eMMC ==
 
== Extracting filesystems to eMMC ==
Line 101: Line 119:
  
 
For example, here is the procedure for writing a root filesystem to the first partition of an eMMC card:
 
For example, here is the procedure for writing a root filesystem to the first partition of an eMMC card:
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkdir -p /mnt/card
 
−
root@emac-oe:~# mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card
 
−
root@emac-oe:~# cd /mnt/card
 
−
root@emac-oe:~# tar xzvf /images/emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz
 
−
    ⋮
 
  
−
In the above example the <code>/mnt/card</code> directory is called the mount point. The <code>mkdir -p</code> command creates the directory is it does not already exist. The <code>mount</code> command attaches the specified partition to the directory. Any files written to the mounted directory will go to the partition on the eMMC. After the mount is complete, files can be extracted as shown using the <code>tar</code> command.
+
{{clo}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mkdir -p /mnt/card}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |cd /mnt/card}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |tar xzvf /images/emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz}}
 +
<nowiki>    ⋮</nowiki>
 +
{{clos}}
 +
 
 +
In the above example the <code>/mnt/card</code> directory is called the mount point. The <code>mkdir -p</code> command creates the directory if it does not already exist. The <code>mount</code> command attaches the specified partition to the directory. Any files written to the mounted directory will go to the partition on the eMMC. After the mount is complete, files can be extracted as shown using the <code>tar</code> command.
 +
 
 
It should be noted that the <code>/etc/fstab</code> file can be used to specify mount points for partitions upon boot. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fstab for additional information.
 
It should be noted that the <code>/etc/fstab</code> file can be used to specify mount points for partitions upon boot. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fstab for additional information.
  
 
== Quick Reference (by Target Type) ==
 
== Quick Reference (by Target Type) ==
 +
This section is used to provide specifics for programming eMMC on various targets.
 +
 +
For the partitioning sections, the information in the parenthesis denotes a keyboard input sequence. The (n,p,1,default,+64M) creates a new primary partition. Each input is followed a carriage return and the default is selected by pressing carriage return with no entry. See the expanded example in the above '''Creating partitions and formatting eMMC''' section for an idea of how the interface looks when commands are executed correctly.
 +
 
=== SoM-3517M ===
 
=== SoM-3517M ===
 
==== Partitioning the eMMC ====
 
==== Partitioning the eMMC ====
  
−
root@emac-oe:~# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
+
{{cli | hostname=emac-oe |fdisk -H 255 -S 63 /dev/mmcblk0}}
  
 
The partitioning steps are as follows:
 
The partitioning steps are as follows:
−
 
−
'''*********** Strictly speaking, the p's in these steps aren't necessary, since they just print the table.  An explanation that the first partition will be 64MB, and choosing defaults for the second means it will fill the remaining available space, will help the reader. ******************'''
 
−
 
 
# Create 1st partition (n,p,1,default,+64M)
 
# Create 1st partition (n,p,1,default,+64M)
 
# Create 2nd partition (n,p,2,default,default)
 
# Create 2nd partition (n,p,2,default,default)
Line 128: Line 151:
 
==== Formatting the eMMC ====
 
==== Formatting the eMMC ====
  
−
''' ***************** Maybe a note that there are many options that can be selectively enabled/disabled for the ext3 filesystem, and that they can find more info about that in the manpage? ****************'''
+
{{clo}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mkfs.ext3 /dev/mmcblk0p2}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1}}
 +
{{clos}}
 +
 
 +
The first command formats the second partition as ext3. The <code>mkfs.ext3</code> command can take further configuration parameters. See the <code>mkfs.ext3</code> man page for more information.
  
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkfs.ext3 /dev/mmcblk0p2
+
The second command formats the first partition as FAT32 for use with the AM3517's boot ROM. This is a requirement to boot from the eMMC.
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1
 
  
 
==== Adding Kernel and Bootloader ====
 
==== Adding Kernel and Bootloader ====
  
−
'''********** What is this uImage thing?  MLO?  Why do they go directly into the root of the filesystem?  Does the p1 mean partition 1, while p2 means partition 2?  So, is p1 a special boot partition instead of the root partition?  The poor reader is now lost... *****************'''
+
{{clo}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mkdir -p /mnt/card}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |cd /images}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=images |cp MLO uImage u-boot.bin /mnt/card/}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=images |sync}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=images |umount /dev/mmcblk0p1}}
 +
{{clos}}
  
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkdir -p /mnt/card
+
{{ note | The first partition '''must''' be formatted FAT32 and the MLO binary '''must''' be in the first sector for the eMMC boot sequence to work properly.  }}
−
root@emac-oe:~# mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card
 
−
root@emac-oe:~# cd /images
 
−
root@emac-oe:/images# cp MLO uImage u-boot.bin /mnt/card/
 
−
root@emac-oe:/images# sync
 
−
  root@emac-oe:/images# umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
 
  
 
==== Extracting Root Filesystem ====
 
==== Extracting Root Filesystem ====
−
root@emac-oe:/images# mount /dev/mmcblk0p2 /mnt/card
+
{{clo}}
−
root@emac-oe:/images# cd /mnt/card
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=images |mount /dev/mmcblk0p2 /mnt/card}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# tar xzvf /emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=images |cd /mnt/card}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# cd ..
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt/card |tar xzvf /emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt# sync
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt/card |cd ..}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt# umount /dev/mmcblk0p2
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt |sync}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt |umount /dev/mmcblk0p2}}
 +
{{clos}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== SoM-9X25M / IPAC-9X25 / SoM-A5D35/6 / SoM-3354 / SoM-iMX6M / SoM-iMX6UL ===
 +
 
 +
Unlike the SoM-3517, these SoMs store U-Boot and the Linux kernel in a separate serial flash instead of the eMMC. Typically, two partitions are created. The first partition contains the complete filesystem and is mounted read-only while the second partition contains the /home directory and is mounted read-write.
 +
 
 +
=== Unmount partitions ===
 +
 
 +
{{cli | hostname=emac-oe |umount /dev/mmcblk0p1}}
 +
{{cli | hostname=emac-oe |umount /dev/mmcblk0p2}}
  
−
=== SoM-9X25M / IPAC-9X25 ===
 
 
==== Partitioning the eMMC ====
 
==== Partitioning the eMMC ====
  
−
'''*********** The sensible reader skipped reading about the 3517, because the reader doesn't possess one, and went straight to this section.  Now the reader asks for the same information that was provided for the 3517. ****************'''
+
{{cli | hostname=emac-oe |fdisk /dev/mmcblk0}}
  
−
root@emac-oe:~# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
+
{{ note | For the SoM-9x25M revisions 7 and above, the eMMC block device is /dev/sdb }}
  
 
The partitioning steps are as follows:
 
The partitioning steps are as follows:
  
−
# Create 1st partition (n,p,1,default,default)
+
# Create 1st partition (n,p,1,default,+1G)
 +
# Create 2nd partition (n,p,2,default,default)
 
# Write (w)
 
# Write (w)
  
 
==== Formatting the eMMC ====
 
==== Formatting the eMMC ====
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkfs.ext3 /dev/mmcblk0p1
+
{{clo}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mkfs.ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p1}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mkfs.ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p2}}
 +
{{clos}}
  
 
==== Extracting Root Filesystem ====
 
==== Extracting Root Filesystem ====
−
root@emac-oe:~# mkdir -p /mnt/card
+
{{clo}}
−
root@emac-oe:~# mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mkdir -p /mnt/card}}
−
root@emac-oe:~# cd /mnt/card
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# tar xzvf /emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe |cd /mnt/card}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# cd ..
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt/card |tar xzvf /emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt# sync
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt/card |cd ..}}
−
root@emac-oe:/mnt# umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
+
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt |sync}}
 +
{{clio | hostname=emac-oe | pwd=/mnt |umount /dev/mmcblk0p1}}
 +
{{clos}}

Latest revision as of 12:13, 15 April 2021

TODO: {{#todo:SEOKWREV (12.31.13-13:15->MD-);(12.31.13-14:50->MW+);(12.31.13-18:10->MD+);(12.31.13-18:45->MG+);(03.06.14-15:35->BS-);(04.11.14-15:55->BS+);(05.01.15-12:12->MG+);(11.05.15-17:50->MD+)|Michael Welling|oe 4,oe 5,mw,md,mg,bs,SEOKWREV}}

Background

Some EMAC products use eMMC in place of NAND flash. eMMC is an embedded MMC compliant memory that takes the form of an integrated circuit instead of a media card.

U-Boot does not support writing to file systems in eMMC. To overcome this issue, the embedded target needs to boot into an alternate media such as a network file system or USB flash drive. Once the board has booted into Linux, the eMMC can be partitioned and formatted, and the root file system can be extracted. The SoM-3517M requires a special FAT formatted partition that contains the bootloader and Linux kernel images. This article explains the general process of writing the eMMC from Linux as well as some specifics related to programming the SoM-3517M, SoM-9X25, SoM-A5D35/6, SoM-3354, SoM-iMX6M, SoM-iMX6UL and IPAC-9X25.




NOTE
The procedures below require that you have a TFTP and NFS server setup on a host computer or a USB thumb drive created using Booting with a USB Root Filesystem.


Creating partitions and formatting eMMC

Once the Linux command prompt is reached, Linux utilities can be used to create and format partitions on the eMMC. By partitioning the eMMC, the partitions can be accessed individually and formatted differently as required. The fdisk utility can be used to create these partitions on the eMMC.

For example here is the procedure for creating a 128 MB primary partition:

root@emac-oe:~# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 57024. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-57024, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-57024, default 57024): +128M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 1868 MB, 1868562432 bytes 4 heads, 16 sectors/track, 57024 cylinders Units = cylinders of 64 * 512 = 32768 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/mmcblk0p1 1 3907 125016 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table [ 566.062896] mmcblk0: p1
root@emac-oe:~#

For more information about fdisk, see: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html

After creating the partitions, they can formatted with the various mkfs utilities. The formatting used is dependent on how the partition is to be accessed. For eMMC root filesystems EMAC currently uses EXT4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3). Other formatting options are available (EXT2, EXT3, etc) and can be used. It should be noted that the kernel must be configured to support the chosen filesystem and the bootargs need to specify the correct type.



NOTE
For additional information on configuring and compiling the Linux kernel see the following page: Building the Linux Kernel


As described above, the bootargs is used for signalling to the Linux kernel the location of the root filesystem partition, and its formatting. The root parameter is used to specify the partition to use while the rootfstype parameter is used to specify the formatting of the partition.



NOTE
For more information about the bootargs variable see this page: U-Boot Overview


Partitions accessed by processor boot ROM or U-Boot typically need to be formatted with FAT32 formatting. The SoM-3517M, for instance, requires a FAT32 formatted partition for the bootloader and kernel in order to boot properly from eMMC. For more specifics about the SoM-3517M, see the quick reference section below.

Formatting a partition with EXT4

root@emac-oe:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p1
mke2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 31360 inodes, 125016 blocks 6250 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=1 Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008 16 block groups 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 1960 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (4096 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
root@emac-oe:~#

Formatting a partition with FAT32

root@emac-oe:~# mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1

mkdosfs 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)

root@emac-oe:~#


Extracting filesystems to eMMC

After formatting a partition correctly, the partition can be mounted and files can be loaded to the eMMC.

For example, here is the procedure for writing a root filesystem to the first partition of an eMMC card:

root@emac-oe:~# mkdir -p /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:~# mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:~# cd /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:~# tar xzvf /images/emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz

⋮

In the above example the /mnt/card directory is called the mount point. The mkdir -p command creates the directory if it does not already exist. The mount command attaches the specified partition to the directory. Any files written to the mounted directory will go to the partition on the eMMC. After the mount is complete, files can be extracted as shown using the tar command.

It should be noted that the /etc/fstab file can be used to specify mount points for partitions upon boot. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fstab for additional information.

Quick Reference (by Target Type)

This section is used to provide specifics for programming eMMC on various targets.

For the partitioning sections, the information in the parenthesis denotes a keyboard input sequence. The (n,p,1,default,+64M) creates a new primary partition. Each input is followed a carriage return and the default is selected by pressing carriage return with no entry. See the expanded example in the above Creating partitions and formatting eMMC section for an idea of how the interface looks when commands are executed correctly.

SoM-3517M

Partitioning the eMMC

root@emac-oe:~# fdisk -H 255 -S 63 /dev/mmcblk0

The partitioning steps are as follows:

  1. Create 1st partition (n,p,1,default,+64M)
  2. Create 2nd partition (n,p,2,default,default)
  3. Change 1st partition type to FAT32 (t,1,c)
  4. Make 1st partition ACTIVE (a,1)
  5. Write (w)

Formatting the eMMC

root@emac-oe:~# mkfs.ext3 /dev/mmcblk0p2
root@emac-oe:~# mkdosfs -F 32 /dev/mmcblk0p1

The first command formats the second partition as ext3. The mkfs.ext3 command can take further configuration parameters. See the mkfs.ext3 man page for more information.

The second command formats the first partition as FAT32 for use with the AM3517's boot ROM. This is a requirement to boot from the eMMC.

Adding Kernel and Bootloader

root@emac-oe:~# mkdir -p /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:~# mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:~# cd /images
root@emac-oe:images# cp MLO uImage u-boot.bin /mnt/card/
root@emac-oe:images# sync
root@emac-oe:images# umount /dev/mmcblk0p1



NOTE
The first partition must be formatted FAT32 and the MLO binary must be in the first sector for the eMMC boot sequence to work properly.


Extracting Root Filesystem

root@emac-oe:images# mount /dev/mmcblk0p2 /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:images# cd /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# tar xzvf /emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# cd ..
root@emac-oe:/mnt# sync
root@emac-oe:/mnt# umount /dev/mmcblk0p2


SoM-9X25M / IPAC-9X25 / SoM-A5D35/6 / SoM-3354 / SoM-iMX6M / SoM-iMX6UL

Unlike the SoM-3517, these SoMs store U-Boot and the Linux kernel in a separate serial flash instead of the eMMC. Typically, two partitions are created. The first partition contains the complete filesystem and is mounted read-only while the second partition contains the /home directory and is mounted read-write.

Unmount partitions

root@emac-oe:~# umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
root@emac-oe:~# umount /dev/mmcblk0p2

Partitioning the eMMC

root@emac-oe:~# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0



NOTE
For the SoM-9x25M revisions 7 and above, the eMMC block device is /dev/sdb


The partitioning steps are as follows:

  1. Create 1st partition (n,p,1,default,+1G)
  2. Create 2nd partition (n,p,2,default,default)
  3. Write (w)

Formatting the eMMC

root@emac-oe:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p1
root@emac-oe:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mmcblk0p2

Extracting Root Filesystem

root@emac-oe:~# mkdir -p /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:~# mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:~# cd /mnt/card
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# tar xzvf /emac-image.rootfs.tar.gz
root@emac-oe:/mnt/card# cd ..
root@emac-oe:/mnt# sync
root@emac-oe:/mnt# umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
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